English Language (4EA1)
Topic 1 of 1Pearson EdExcel

Reading & Understanding

Comprehension and analysis skills

Skimming: Read quickly for overall idea — headings, first sentences, final paragraph.


Scanning: Search for specific info — a name, date, or keyword — without reading everything.


Inference: Reading between the lines — what the writer implies without stating directly. **Deduction:** Drawing logical conclusions from evidence.


Writer's craft (language analysis): Examine HOW a writer achieves an effect: **Metaphor** (direct comparison), **Simile** (using like/as), **Personification** (human qualities), **Repetition**. Use **PEE structure:** **Point** → **Evidence** (quote) → **Effect** (what it makes the reader feel).


Summary writing: Select relevant info, express in own words concisely. No copying, no opinion, stay within word limit.

Key Points to Remember

  • 1Skimming and scanning
  • 2Inference and deduction
  • 3Writer's craft analysis
  • 4Summary writing

Pakistan Example

Analysing a Dawn Newspaper Editorial — Real IGCSE Practice

Dawn editorials are ideal practice. A headline like 'Karachi's Water Crisis Deepens' requires skimming for topic, scanning for stats, inference for implied criticism, and language analysis of emotive words like 'deepens'. IGCSE often uses journalism-style texts.

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