Mathematics (AKU-MTH)Mean = sum of all values ÷ number of values Median = middle value when arranged in order Mode = most frequently occurring value
Range = highest − lowest Interquartile range (IQR) = Q3 − Q1 (middle 50% spread)
Pie charts — each sector represents a proportion (sector angle = value/total × 360°) Bar charts — frequency on y-axis, categories on x-axis Histograms — area of bar = frequency (used for grouped continuous data) Frequency polygons — join midpoints of class intervals Scatter graphs — show correlation (positive, negative, or none). Draw a line of best fit.
P(event) = favourable outcomes ÷ total possible outcomes P ranges from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain) P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) for mutually exclusive events P(A and B) = P(A) × P(B) for independent events Tree diagrams help organise multi-stage probability problems.
Topic 4 of 7Aga Khan Board
Statistics & Probability
Data handling, averages, graphs, and probability calculations
Measures of central tendency:
Measures of spread:
Graphs:
Probability:
Key Points to Remember
- 1Mean = sum ÷ count; Median = middle; Mode = most frequent
- 2IQR = Q3 − Q1 (middle 50%)
- 3P(event) = favourable ÷ total outcomes
- 4Multiply probabilities for independent events
Pakistan Example
Cricket Batting Averages — Statistics in Pakistan
Babar Azam's batting average is literally a statistical mean (total runs ÷ innings). When Pakistan selectors compare players using averages, medians, and consistency (low standard deviation), they are doing applied statistics. AKU-EB exam questions frequently use cricket, school survey data, or market prices as real-life statistical contexts.