Chemistry (4CH1)
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Acids, Bases & Salts

The pH scale, neutralisation, and salt preparation

pH scale** runs 0–14. **Acids: pH below 7 (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃). **Alkalis/Bases:** pH above 7 (NaOH, KOH, NH₃). **Neutral:** pH 7 (pure water).


Indicators: Litmus (red in acid, blue in alkali). Universal indicator gives a colour range. pH meter = most accurate.


Neutralisation: Acid + Base → Salt + Water

  • HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O
  • H₂SO₄ + CuO → CuSO₄ + H₂O

  • Naming salts: The first part comes from the metal/base, second from the acid:

  • HCl → chloride salts
  • H₂SO₄ → sulfate salts
  • HNO₃ → nitrate salts

  • Reactions of acids:

  • Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas (zinc + HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂)
  • Acid + Metal carbonate → Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide
  • Acid + Metal oxide → Salt + Water

  • Titration: Used to find the exact volume of acid needed to neutralise a base. Use a **burette** for acid, **pipette** for alkali, indicator shows endpoint.

    Key Points to Remember

    • 1pH 0-7 acids, pH 7-14 alkalis, pH 7 neutral
    • 2Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water
    • 3Salt name: metal name + acid anion (chloride/sulfate/nitrate)
    • 4Titration: precise neutralisation using burette and indicator

    Pakistan Example

    Khewra Salt Mine — Natural Salt Chemistry

    The Khewra Salt Mine in Punjab produces rock salt (NaCl) — a neutral salt. But industrial processes need specific salts: copper sulfate (CuSO₄) for electroplating requires H₂SO₄ + CuO neutralisation. Fertiliser factories near Faisalabad produce ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) by neutralising nitric acid with ammonia. Every salt factory in Pakistan is running neutralisation reactions at scale.

    Quick Revision Infographic

    Chemistry — Quick Revision

    Acids, Bases & Salts

    Key Concepts

    1pH 0-7 acids, pH 7-14 alkalis, pH 7 neutral
    2Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water
    3Salt name: metal name + acid anion (chloride/sulfate/nitrate)
    4Titration: precise neutralisation using burette and indicator

    Formulas to Know

    Neutralisation: acid + base → salt + water
    chloride/sulfate/nitrate)
    Pakistan Example

    Khewra Salt Mine — Natural Salt Chemistry

    The Khewra Salt Mine in Punjab produces rock salt (NaCl) — a neutral salt. But industrial processes need specific salts: copper sulfate (CuSO₄) for electroplating requires H₂SO₄ + CuO neutralisation. Fertiliser factories near Faisalabad produce ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) by neutralising nitric acid with ammonia. Every salt factory in Pakistan is running neutralisation reactions at scale.

    SeekhoAsaan.com — Free RevisionAcids, Bases & Salts Infographic

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